Maxwell's role in turning the concept of model into the methodology of modeling

This is a contribution towards a history and philosophy of modeling in its early stages in electromagnetism. In 1873, James Clerk Maxwell (1831–1879) hinted at the methodology of modeling at the end of his Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. We focus on Maxwell's impact on physicists who immediately followed him, specifically Oliver Lodge (1851–1940) and George Francis FitzGerald (1851–1901). We begin with the role that the scientific concept of model played in the late nineteenth century, as assessed by Ludwig Boltzmann (1844–1906). We then discuss the role of hypothesis as a methodology, the appeal to (dynamical) illustration, and the way Maxwell applied model and working model in his studies of electromagnetism. We show that for Maxwell these key terms were kept distinct, but Lodge did not maintain these distinctions and, in this regard, FitzGerald followed Lodge. Notwithstanding Lodge's influence, Fitzgerald modified Maxwell's theory based on the mechanical model he designed, thereby implicitly taking the first step towards modeling. This methodology consists in drawing consequences from the (mechanical) model to the (electrodynamic) theory and modifying the latter in light of the functioning of the former. At the core of our argument is the thesis that it was a methodological novelty to move from the concept of model to the methodology of modeling. The introduction of modeling as a new methodology into physics in the late nineteenth century was a major event which deserves proper recognition.     

The problem of time's arrow historico-critically reexamined

Responding to Hasok Chang's vision of the history and philosophy of science (HPS) as the continuation of science by other means, I illustrate the methods of HPS and their utility through a historico-critical examination of the problem of “time's arrow”, that is to say, the problem posed by the claim by Boltzmann and others that the temporal asymmetry of many physical processes and indeed the very possibility of identifying each of the two directions we distinguish in time must have a ground in the laws of nature. I claim that this problem has proved intractable chiefly because the standard mathematical representation of time employed in the formulation of the laws of nature “forgets” one of the connotations of the word ‘time’ as it is used in ordinary language and in experimental physics.     

弱Hopf代数wslq2的代数结构

将弱Hopf代数的一个特例弱量子群wslq2分解为％（sl2）和二元多项式代数的直和，从而将wsl12的表示归结为％（sl2）和二元多项式代数的表示。还研究了wslq2的限制表示，证明了wslq2（m，n）同构于Uq（m，n）和一个带关系的二元多项式代数的直和，从而将wslq2的限制表示归结为％（sl2）和一个带关系的二元多项式代数的表示。     

二维细胞自动机伪随机序列发生方法研究

首先介绍了细胞自动机的基本概念。根据具有输入的细胞自动机的转移特征方程推导出了具有梯形结构的二维垂直邻居受限细胞自动机周期等统计特性。根据这些特性提出了一种二维细胞自动机伪随机序列发生方法。计算机模拟表明 ,具有梯形结构的二维垂直邻居受限细胞自动机伪随机序列发生器实现简单 ,产生的序列具有速度高、周期长和统计特性好等优点。     

用于模拟弱可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的格子气模型

给出压缩因子的形式．通过引入鬼场，消除压缩因子，得到了平衡态分布函数的一般表达式及可压缩的等温的Navier－Stokes方程，同时给出了自映射条件所要求的平衡态分布函数的范围．     

准Riemann流形上的广义Boltzmann－Hamel方程

用张量分析方法，研究高阶非完整约束的力学系统。提出ｍ阶切空间Ｅ３Ｎ（ｍ）的准Ｒｉｅｍａｎｎ流形的新概念，建立相应的高阶广义普遍中心方程，并由此导出准Ｒｉｅｍａｎｎ流形上的高阶Ｂｏｌｔｚｍａｎｎ－Ｈａｍｅｌ方程，举例说明方程的应用。     

Lattice Boltzmann方法不同边界条件的混用

在Lattice Boltzmann方法数值模拟中,比较重要的一个环节就是边界条件的确定.通过对不同边界条件混用情况的研究,发现不同的边界条件确定方法可以相互混用,说明了Lattice Boltzmann方法对于边界的处理是比较灵活的.     

用于可压缩Navier-Stokes方程的多速度级与多能级

构造了用于可压缩Navier Stokes方程的25 bit格子Boltzmann模型, 它具有3个速度级和3个能级. 令其局部平衡态分布函数具有质量、 动量和能量守恒, 同时假设平衡态分布函数满足高阶矩条件, 得到了具有二阶截断误差的可压缩Navier Stokes方程. 数值模拟表明, 所得结果比一阶模型的结果有较高的精度与分辨率.     

微尺度热传导的研究进展

介绍微尺度传热的研究方法及成果、微型换热器的结构，分析松弛时间理论近似线性化Boltnmnn方程散射项的实用性和局限性．提出微尺度热传导的时空问题，微冷却系统概念．微／纳米、飞／皮秒的传热问题，对传统工程热物理既是一场挑战，也是一场机遇。     

工件加工时间是开工时间的简单线性函数的Flow Shop调度问题研究

研究工件加工时间是开工时间的简单线性函数的Flow ShoP调度问题。在这类问题中机器间满足某种优势关系。当目标函数是极小化加权完工时间和时．尽管比相应的经典问题复杂，但仍存在多项式时间算法。同时对工件的各工序无等待问题和机器无空闲问题也给出多项式时间算法。